This meeting provided a brief background on traditional testing strategies used to detect later-life effects following in utero or post-natal stressors. It also explored the emerging science in this area using two case studies. The first case study was end-point driven and examined developmental origins of obesity, insulin resistance, and hypertension. The second explored in utero or post-natal exposure to arsenic and potential indicators that could predict later-life effects. Finally, the meeting included discussions on implications for using this emerging science for risk assessment and decision-making purposes. Questions that were used to guide the meeting include the following:

• What is the range of adult disease states that have developmental origins?
• What are the possible mechanisms for persistent, adult-onset effects associated with developmental exposures?
• What early life biomarkers are available to predict later life disease?
• How good are current animal tests in detecting associations between early life exposures and later life effects?
• Are there shorter-term animal tests or mode-of-action-based in vitro/human biomarker tests that detect early life events and are predictive of later life effects?
• Is our scientific understanding of these processes sufficient to inform weight-of-evidence-based risk assessments and regulatory practices?